Fungi, Mold And Mildew Corrosion Issues Knowledge Area   

Date: 
03-31-2022

by Joseph C. Dean, P.E., and Steve Geusic, P.E., for the Director, Corrosion Policy & Oversight (DCPO)(DASD (Materiel Readiness))

Updated: 3-31-2022

INTRODUCTION

Corrosion is inclusive of the deterioration of all materials, which can be caused through water damage, moisture, temperature, mold and mildew, wind, and other environmental factors. This is consistent with the 10 U.S.C. § 2228 definition of corrosion which is, "the deterioration of a material or its properties due to a reaction of that material with its chemical environment."

"Molds can be found almost anywhere; they can grow on virtually any organic substance, as long as moisture and oxygen are present. There are molds that can grow on wood, paper, carpet, foods, [fabric], and insulation. When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth will often occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or unaddressed. It is impossible to eliminate all mold and mold spores in the indoor environment. However, mold growth can be controlled indoors by controlling moisture indoors." (Source: Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings Guide (EPA 402-K-01-001, 2008)

"Mold requires a nutrient source, proper temperature and moisture to grow. Mold does not require light to grow. It is a saprobe meaning that it lives on dead organic materials. It does not produce food, but instead adsorbs nutrients by breaking down hydrocarbons. As such it will grow on any organic building material such as paper, adhesives, resins, etc. It will even grow on the patina of dust that collects on surfaces. The dust in office buildings consists primarily of paper dust and skin cells so that it provides an adequate nutrient source for mold growth. Nutrients to support mold growth are ubiquitous in the building environment. The temperatures required for mold growth are in the same range as indoor building environments. The pervasive nature of nutrients and a temperature range suitable for mold growth leave control of moisture as the only practical way to control mold growth." (Source: Indoor Air Quality and Mold Prevention of the Building Envelope)

extensive mold contamination of ceiling and walls

Photo 1: Extensive mold contamination of ceiling and walls.
Source: Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings Guide (EPA 402-K-01-001, 2008)

"Thousands of different types or species of fungi or "molds" are normally present in the environment, and many can grow within a building and cause occupants and workers discomfort or harm. Some fungi are toxic (that is, they secrete mycotoxins, which are harmful if inhaled or ingested), and many can cause allergic reactions of various types in susceptible people. Internal infections can also be caused by fungi, but are rare in people with normal immune systems. Fungi are commonly found in buildings that have flooding or long-term water damage from broken pipes, roof leaks, sewage backups, poor drainage, condensation, or inadequate HVAC system design. Because leaks can occur inside walls, in crawl spaces, in ventilation systems, or in enclosed ceiling areas, they may not be visible to the occupants." (Source: UFC 3-810-01N Navy and Marine Corps Environmental Engineering for Facility Construction).

Important definitions related to fungi and mold include (Source: Interim Technical Guidance (ITG) FY03–04, NAVFAC Mold Response Manual, 6 June 2003 and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) :

  • "Fungi are neither plants nor animals and include molds, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs. Molds reproduce by making spores, which travel through the indoors and outdoors continually. When mold spores land on a moist/damp surface they begin growing and digesting whatever organic substance they are growing on if moisture and oxygen are present. It is estimated that more than 1.5 million species of fungi exist."

  • "Molds are a group of organisms that belong to the kingdom Fungi. There are over 20,000 species of mold (in this document mold and fungi will be used interchangeably)"

  • "Mildew is a specific type of mold; FEMA  describes it as early-stage mold. Like other kinds of mold, mildew is a microscopic fungus that travels through the air in the form of tiny spores. When these spores land in damp or humid environments, mildew begins to colonize and grow. Unlike mold, mildew doesn't penetrate surfaces and grow into the materials it lands on (though it can still cause cosmetic damage). Instead, it grows on top of flat surfaces and often collects in places like the grout between your bathroom tiles. Mildew (mold in early stage) and molds grow on wood products, ceiling tiles, cardboard, wallpaper, carpets, drywall, fabric, plants, foods, insulation, decaying leaves and other organic materials."

  • "Microbial—Agents derived from, or that are, living organisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal, bird and dust mite antigens) that can be inhaled and can cause adverse health effects including allergic reactions, respiratory disorders, hypersensitivity disorders, infectious diseases. Also referred to as "microbiological" or "biological contaminants"."

  • "'Rot' is the result of a fungal infection of wood and wood products. Wood consists of cellulose and a complex hydrocarbon called lignin. The rot fungus can attack either the cellulose or lignin. If it attacks the cellulose the brown lignin is left, and brown rot is the result. If the lignin is attacked the white cellulose is left producing white rot. In addition, there is a rot process produced by a fungus Poria. This fungus can start in moist soil and send rhizomes great distances through wood structures." (Source: Indoor Air Quality and Mold Prevention of the Building Envelope)

Facilities depend upon well-functioning "water-tight" building envelops that include roofing systems, walls, doors, windows and foundations to prevent water and moisture from invading interior spaces. The actual interior management of moisture depends upon an appropriately sized and configured heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system as wells as all components that generate and manage water such as water supply and plumbing infrastructure. The HVAC system must be well-maintained which includes "balanced" with frequent checks to ensure that filters are replaced regularly, drain pans are checked to ensure correct drainage, and condensation levels on ducts are within design expectations.

The WBDG resources page Moisture Management Concepts discusses the 4 Ds of moisture management. They are high-lighted here and further discussed in this Knowledge page:

  • Deflection of water to minimize wetting exposure
  • Drainage to convey away water that penetrates the assembly
  • Drying of any residual water by means of ventilation
  • Durability of materials to withstand exposure to periodic wetting and provide an acceptable service life

Air leakage in the building envelope contributes to moisture problems within building enclosures. Those problems include mold and durability in exterior walls and wall cavities connected to the exterior, excessive rain penetration into wall cavities, poor indoor temperature and humidity control, high heating and air conditioning costs, compromised noise, fire and smoke control measures, spalling of masonry, premature corrosion of metal parts in exterior walls, high wood moisture content and rot and in colder climates icicles on exterior facades. Air in hot humid climates can cause mold due to condensation on cooler surfaces.

There are several very good WBDG resource pages that provide extensive detail into all aspects of mold and mildew risks and management:

These pages are highly recommended for general knowledge. They provide extensive resources on the broader web to assist with the quest for all topics in fungi, mold, mildew, moisture, and mitigation. This Knowledge Page will focus on describing the causative and corrosive effects of mold with the associated risks and will leverage other content on the WBDG to ensure that the reader can place Corrosion Prevention and Control (CPC) in context with mold damage.

DESCRIPTION

Molds create a corrosive environment that affects both facilities and the personnel using those facilities. Unchecked, mold and mildew damage mitigation costs will increase resulting affecting mission and readiness (see the Facilities Corrosion Impacts on Operations and Missions Table  which provides insights into the relationships between facilities categories and mold and mildew corrosion). It has been expanded upon below:

  • Mold Corrosion Risk Description: Exposure to moisture (humidity, leaks), temperature (heat) and inadequate ventilation creating an environment for the growth of mold and mildew. Condensation, leaks, temperature, moisture, and poor humidity control, mold, mildew, temperature differentials of air, liquid, and or gas in ducts & conduits, surfaces, and surrounding the environment increase risk levels. Mold and mildew grow on wood products, ceiling tiles, cardboard, wallpaper, carpets, drywall, fabric, plants, foods, insulation, decaying leaves and other organic materials (See Figure 1). Mold spores are in the air and once settled on a surface with the right conditions (damp spots) may grow, digesting whatever they land on gradually destroying it.

  • Factors Contributing to Corrosion: Humidity, temperature, leaks, poor air circulation, air borne spores, internal corrosion (H2S, H2O, microbiologically induced corrosion), poor design geometrics & construction practices, water entrapment & intrusion. Condensation, humidity, airborne contaminants, microbiologically induced corrosion, mold, mildew. Often molds occur in unseen areas, infrequently accessed, or inaccessible areas with poor ventilation, exposed to high moisture.

  • Operations and Mission: Negative effects to health, morale, safety, maintenance costs, disruption of services to supported systems, sustainment costs, life cycle, & interrupted operations that require well-functioning HVAC and moisture/humidity control. Once mold and mildew have been identified, facility quarantine may be necessary to remove and clean contaminated surfaces and materials. Area may require industrial hygiene air quality and surface readiness clearances. Building enclosure integrity affects every aspect of the building envelope. Water, waste, ducting conduits all must be appropriately designed and functioning allowing for the prevention of moisture and air infiltration, removal of condensate and overflow to avoid mold and mildew growth conditions. These steps will ensure maximum facility availability to meet operational and mission requirements.

Illustration of all the materials that are affected by mold corrosion

Figure 1: Affected Materials by Mold Corrosion
Source: J. C. Dean, P.E.

As summarized in the WBDG Resource Page Mold and Moisture Dynamics, "To grow, or to establish itself, mold requires at least four elements: mold spores, organic matter (like wood, paper, and drywall), moisture, and warmth. Note that the mere presence of humid air does not necessarily promote mold growth, except where air with a relative humidity (RH) level at or above 80% is in contact with a surface. Carried by air currents, mold spores can reach all surfaces and cavities of buildings. If these surfaces and/or cavities are warm, and contain the right nutrients and amounts of moisture, the mold spores will grow and gradually destroy the things they grow on. To control mold growth, designers should focus on controlling moisture indoors and on the temperatures of all surfaces, including interstitial surfaces within walls." Controlling moisture is a key factor in controlling the distribution and control of mold growth. Too much moisture affects the efficiency of insulation and the unwanted infestation of bacteria, mites, cockroaches and insects, some of which feed on mold. Excessive moisture can also cause dry rot in wood, rust on unprotected steel.

Many types of molds exist. All molds have the potential to cause health effects. Molds can produce allergens that can trigger allergic reactions or even asthma attacks in people allergic to mold. Others are known to produce potent toxins and/or irritants. Potential health concerns are an important reason to prevent mold growth and to remediate/clean up any existing indoor mold growth.

Since mold requires water and moisture to grow, it is important to prevent moisture problems in buildings. Moisture problems can have many causes, including uncontrolled humidity and lack of good ventilation. Some moisture problems in buildings have been linked to changes in building construction practices during the 1970s, 80s and 90s. Some of these changes have resulted in buildings that are tightly sealed, but may lack adequate ventilation, potentially leading to moisture buildup. Building materials, such as drywall, may not allow moisture to escape easily. Causative factors for moisture problems may include (Source: Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings Guide (EPA 402-K-01-001, 2008):

  • Roof leaks
  • Landscaping or gutters/downspouts that direct water into, against the foundation, or under the building
  • Delayed maintenance or insufficient maintenance are also associated with moisture problems in schools and large buildings
  • Condensation associated with high humidity or cold spots in the building (ex. unvented combustion appliances)
  • Localized flooding due to:
    • Plumbing failures or heavy rains
    • Slow leaks in plumbing fixtures
    • Malfunction or poor design of humidification systems

Uncontrolled humidity can also be a source of moisture leading to mold growth, particularly in hot, humid climates. Flooding associated with climate change has further complicated the mold issue with buildings.

Illustrated chart of the life cycle phases of mold

Figure 2: Life Cycle Phases of Mold
Source: J.C. Dean, P.E.

Mold and mildew generally occur (or start) during the following events and situations in the life cycle of a facility (See Figure 2):

  • Construction phase when water intrusion is not or cannot be controlled
  • Weather event
  • Leaks that have remained unchecked
  • High humidity areas
photo of ceiling piping showing mold growth from hot humid air infiltration

Photo 2: Hot humid air infiltration problems showing mold growth
Source: USACE ECB No. 2012-16

The Resources Page "Moisture Management" provides the following descriptions of how moisture engages with a facility:

  • "Rainwater intrusion. Moisture present in building materials and on the site during construction can be a source of problems. Significant amounts of moisture can also result from water leaks within building systems or through the building envelope. In both hot, humid and temperate climates, rainwater leaks are a major source of building moisture and fungal growth problems."
    • "Infiltration of outside moisture-laden air. Infiltrated humid air, whether introduced by wind or through the HVAC system, can cause condensation on interior surfaces, including inside building cavities. Condensation and high relative humidity levels are important factors in creating an environment conducive to mold growth and are the primary problems in hot, humid climates. The issue of infiltration caused by negative pressure of the building created by HVAC systems is detailed in HVAC Design and Construction in Humid Climates."

    • "Internally generated moisture. After construction, occupant activities and routine housekeeping procedures can generate additional moisture, contributing to the mold problem. Normally, if no other significant sources exist, well-designed and properly operating HVAC systems can adequately remove this moisture."

    • "Vapor diffusion through the building envelope. Differential vapor pressure, which can cause water vapor to diffuse through the building envelope, is a less significant cause of moisture problems in buildings in hit humid climates. However, it can be a significant moisture movement mechanism, particularly in cold climates, and especially as it relates to wall system vapor retarder construction."
  • Note that "vinyl wall covering is commonly used as interior finish and normally has low permeance (or a very high resistance) to water vapor migration through a wall system. This can lead, in hot humid climates, when outside air infiltrates a wall cavity, and contacts a cooler surface, condenses, and cannot dry. The result is the degradation of the gypsum board providing an excellent growth medium for mold."

It is essential that the planning and design of facilities consider the control of moisture, humidity, temperature and ventilation along with the design details that would/could encourage mold, mildew growth. The moisture management for facilities and supporting structures requires a thorough understanding of the many aspects of the geographic location where they are to be installed and the associated unique design characteristics driven by the local Environmental Severity Classification (ESC). See also UFC 1-200-01 DoD Building Code providing factors affecting planning, design, construction, and sustainment of facilities. These factors include:

  • Environmental Severity Classification (ESC)
  • Salt-water impacts on materials and structures (depending on the proximity of the facility to salt-water and the coastal environment)
  • Correct application and usage of paints and coatings
  • Design geometry to prevent unnecessary corrosion situations, intrusion of moisture
  • Selection of materials and coatings to achieve the required life cycle and service requirements
  • Prevailing weather (rainfall amounts, hail, snow, ice, wind, temperature, humidity)

A few actions that will help reduce the intrusion of moisture intrusion (leaks, humidity, condensation) into the building envelope include:

  • Correctly designed, constructed, and maintained roofs and the associated components
  • Ensuring that construction quality is consistent with the contracted design, paying special attention to HVAC air balancing, caulking/sealing, condensate/moisture removal, inspection of drip pans and drains, moisture barriers
  • Inspecting and correcting roofing undersides for possible leaks
  • Ensuring that the building envelop components are appropriate for the ESC factors required for that region (weather, temperature, wind, precipitation and the associated materials and designs)
  • Minimizing roof and wall penetrations to support roof mounted equipment (note these must be inspected and fully resealed over time (throughout the life cycle))
  • Installing and maintaining windows, doors and other wall penetrations
  • Paying close attention to window and door flashings and the associated water drainage
  • Ensuring that there is a continuous air barrier to prevent air leakage into or out of conditioned spaces to include checking for and repairing seals
  • Ensuring that transitions from one building element to the next, such as wall to roof and wall to openings, are carefully designed and constructed
  • Ensuring that the portion of the structure in contact with the ground (slab on grade, basement, structural elements) is constructed and maintained to minimize water intrusion. This includes providing foundation drainage and moisture management systems, installing sump pumps with backup power where needed, sheet drainage material installed over exterior insulation, footing drains, waterproofing, air sealed rim/band joist and sill plate. Each location should be assessed for the required combination of foundation and basement moisture management requirements.
  • Ensuring that rainwater is directed well away from the foundation and that site drainage takes water away from the structures
  • Providing a continuous air barrier
  • Operation and balancing the HVAC system to include humidity control, duct sealing, and moisture removal
  • Address specific building and room uses and provide appropriate levels of HVAC moisture control and mold resistant materials consistent with the risk and local environment

Environmental Severity Classifications (ESC) are described in UFC 1-200-01 DOD Building Code and further described in the ESC CPC Resource Page. The Corrosion Prevention and Control (CPC) efforts to keep facilities located in ESC Zones 3 and 5 operationally ready are challenging and requires sound planning, design, construction, and sustainment efforts commensurate with those conditions. The Resources Page: Building Enclosure Design Principles and Strategies provides a good explanation of the topic and utilizes the ASHRAE 90.1 Standard with illustrations.

Many DoD facilities are maintained by contracts. To ensure acceptable mold and mildew responsiveness and life cycle results these contracts must include both strong quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) programs as well as maintenance requirements to address HVAC systems, moisture management, and immediate mitigation responsiveness. Contracts such as Design-Build, where the contractor hires the architect and engineer of record, must include criteria which will identify material selection guidance by ESC Zone. See also the CPC Acquisition Issues Resource Page.

UFC 1-200-01 DoD Building Code, provides very specific guidance for design, construction and sustainment actions related to CPC, especially in corrosion-prone locations. Corrosion-prone locations, as defined in the UFC, require a higher level of protection. Some of these areas apply to moisture, mold, mildew as follows:

  • Corrosion-prone locations: Locations where microenvironmental factors (for example, prevailing winds, ventilation, waterfront environments, industrial emissions, deicing salt application, possible chemical splash/spillage, adverse weather events such as flooding or wind-driven rain, and penetrations of the building envelope) may create a locally corrosive environment regardless of ESC. Humid locations identified in ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1 as climate zones 0A, 1A, 2A, 3A, 3C, 4C, and 5C. High humidity interior areas (for example, bathrooms, locker rooms, laundry rooms, pools, and trainers).

  • Design Geometries: Avoid designs that tend to direct corrosive elements to any specific area of a structure. Minimize the flow of water, airborne contaminants (for example, salts and pollutants), and humid air over susceptible materials when designing facility components, systems, and assemblies.

  • Humidity Resistance: Use materials that can withstand high humidity or incorporate efforts to eliminate humidity in humid locations. Ensure vapor barrier locations prevent moisture buildup. Do not use building materials that exhibit hygroscopic properties and may lose their structural and functional properties when exposed to sustained humidity. Ensure vapor barrier locations prevent moisture buildup. Do not use building materials that exhibit hygroscopic properties and may lose their structural and functional properties when exposed to sustained humidity.

  • Elevated Temperatures: Design projects to prevent corrosion in applications where elevated temperatures are present. Elevated temperatures have adverse effects on building materials such as paints, woods, and many asphalt-based products. High temperatures combined with high humidity cause severe deterioration.

  • Buried or submerged structures or systems: Design for the corrosivity of the soil, including soil pH, resistivity, moisture content, and presence of chlorides, sulfides, and bacteria. For immersed structures, consider the corrosivity of the water (primarily influenced by salinity, but also affected by pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, current, and microbiological activity).

By thoroughly understanding corrosion-prone location factors, the associated influence of mold and their effects on materials and system performance, a longer life cycle will be achieved. The UFC 1-200-01 Appendix ESC for DoD Locations, identifies the ESC Zone for each of the DoD Installations around the world, which then drives the selection of the types of materials and processes that should be used for corrosion-prone locations. Products should be designed "to prevent corrosion in applications where elevated temperatures are present. Elevated temperatures have adverse effects on building materials such as paints, woods, and many asphalt-based products. High temperatures combined with high humidity cause severe deterioration."

The CPC highlights from several of the most relevant UFC and UFGS documents for mold and mildew management are provided below:

  • UFC 3-101-01 Architecture discusses vapor barriers, moisture, and similar building envelope requirements to ensure a dry interior. The basis of design for `a roof system selection must include the construction of the roof, membrane selection, substrate, slop, drainage system, and justification for the use of parapets. Design drawings must include roof penetration details, surface termination and transitions, roof ridges, roof edges, and parapet and drainage details. Sealing air leaks is discussed.

  • UFC 3-190-06 Protective Coatings and Paints: Provides requirements and technical guidance for the effective use of paint-type coatings to protect common materials such as metal, concrete, pavements, gypsum board and wooden structures at military activities from deterioration. Requires paints and coatings that are durable and minimize the need for preventative and corrective maintenance over the expected service life of the component or system. The use of coating systems specifically designed for metal storage tanks, pipelines, towers, waterfront structures, siding, fences, hot surfaces, concrete storage tanks, swimming pools, catchment basins, pavements, concrete floors, and surfaces particularly susceptible to mold and mildew is required. Includes multiple references to mildew removal and cleaning prior to application of coatings. Addresses the use of mildewcides. Repairing water-associated problems, such as deteriorated roofs and nonfunctioning drainage systems is required prior to application of coatings. Corrosive environments, which require additional corrosion protection, are those project locations which have an Environmental Severity Classification (ESC) of C3, C4 or C5. Humid locations are those in ASHRAE climate zones 0A, 1A, 2A, 3A, 3C, 4C, and 5C (as identified in ASHRAE 90.1).

  • UFC 3-110-03 Roofing describes the multiple roofing types, materials, roofer qualifications and sustainment options. Additional guidance includes:
    • Moisture intrusion can be costly, adversely affect the functions within the building, and result in roof system failure. Since modern roofing systems contain considerable thermal insulation, moisture intrusion lowers thermal efficiency and hinders energy conservation.
    • Wet materials support mold, fungus or mildew, cause deterioration of other roofing system components, and can emit odors leading to sick buildings and occupants.
    • Identifying, locating and addressing leaks is discussed.
  • UFC 3-240-13FN Industrial Water Treatment Operation and Maintenance provides an overview of industrial water treatment operations and management. "Industrial water" refers to the water used in military power generation, heating, air conditioning, refrigeration, cooling, processing, and all other equipment and systems that require water for operation. Industrial water is not the same as potable water. Industrial water is never consumed or used under situations that require a high degree of sanitation. Industrial water requires water preparation or chemical treatment, or both, to avoid the problems described in the UFC. Water preparation and chemical treatment requirements are described according to the type of system in question. Note that this UFC does discuss extensively the risks of biological growth and corrosion within these systems.

  • UFC 3-401-01 Mechanical Engineering requires protection of materials during construction to prevent mold growth.

  • UFC 3-410-01 Heating, Ventilating, And Air Conditioning Systems requires the use of upgraded materials and coatings in humid locations or project locations with an ESC C3 to C5. Note that the ASHRAE climate zones for humid locations are delineated. Corrosion resistant coatings are required for exterior HVAC equipment. Suggests the use of a Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS) set at levels to maintain humidity conditions to avoid, old growth and moisture damage during periods when the facility is unoccupied.

  • UFC 3-810-01N Navy and Marine Corps Environmental Engineering for Facility Construction The focus of this UFC is on discovery, testing, and remediation of environmental hazards. It does have a very good brief summary of mold and spores that is repeated in the introduction to this knowledge page. The engineer, architect and sustainer must be very familiar with UFC 3-810-01N or similar guidance when performing their work. It is especially important when a remediation project occurs in conjunction with an SRM project. Often mold and mildew will be discovered after a project has started and is an unknown until it is discovered.

  • UFC 4-215-01 Armories and Arms Rooms requires the use of moisture resistant acoustical panel ceiling or mold resistant gypsum board.

  • UFC 4-711-01 Family Housing requires the use of "gypsum board finished to level 4 or 5 as appropriate for all living and sleeping spaces. Provide tile wall surfaces and/or moisture resistant gypsum board with mold/mildew resistant paint in high moisture spaces. Avoid vinyl wallcoverings, as these tend to trap and conceal moisture within the walls." Ensure that exhaust from moisture generating equipment vents to the outside. Requires a comprehensive thermal and moisture control strategy. Discusses the use of vapor retarders and cladding systems.

  • UFC 4-720-01 Lodging Facilities provides guidance for the design and construction for lodging facilities to include:
    • In moist climates, do not cover the inside of exterior walls with impervious materials such as mirrors or vinyl wall coverings to help preclude mold development in the wall.
    • Under the HVAC heading in order to minimize the possibility of mold or mildew, ensure the humid area criteria provisions in the core mechanical UFCs as defined in UFC 1-200-01 are followed when designing the HVAC system.
    • If individual HVAC systems are used as a secondary system for the guest rooms in humid areas, they must be carefully designed to avoid mold and mildew.
    • Material selection and use for specific room types are delineated.
    • Using mold-resistant gypsum wallboard for the walls, coatings on ceilings semi-gloss paint (with mold inhibitor) and on mold-resistant gypsum wallboard. Identifies the use of epoxy paint and Moisture-resistant acoustical ceiling panels (ACP).
  • FC 4-721-10N Navy and Marine Corps Unaccompanied Housing
    • Design and construct new Navy facilities in accordance with ASHRAE 62.1 or ASHRAE 62.2, as applicable to facility size. Consideration should be given to all components of natural and mechanical ventilation to provide a system which is adequately sized and easily maintained to avoid excessive indoor moisture, mold growth, and poor indoor air quality. For new construction, redesign, and renovation projects, UFC 1-200-01 provides reference to the criteria governing moisture control.
    • Provide ventilation in closets to reduce mold and mildew growth
    • Recommends use of Moisture weather resistant gypsum board, painted
  • UFC 4-730-10 Fire Stations Similar guidance UFC 4-720-01

  • UFC 4-740-15 Continuous Child Care Facilities Similar guidance UFC 4-720-01; guidance on finishes and materials provided to prevent or inhibit mold growth. Guidance on humidity levels and management is provided.

  • UFC 4-750-07 Recreational Aquatic Facilities addresses moisture management for roofs, dewpoint analysis, structures to eliminate excess moisture and heat. Facility systems are to be moisture, mildew, and corrosion resistant. Select materials that are mildew resistant and easily cleaned. Slope floors to drains to avoid moisture and mildew build-up.

  • UFGS 02 85 00 Mold Remediation covers the requirements for the demolition, cleaning, removal, and disposal of mold. This UFGS is the primary Mold remediation document on the WBDG. It is focused on the qualifications and processes associated with mold mitigation. (See also Mold Remediation Guidelines for a general discussion of the issue and Indoor Air Quality and Mold Prevention of the Building Envelope for a detailed explanation of mold growth and moisture management).

  • UFGS 09 29 00 Gypsum Board provides guidance on Mold Resistant/Anti-Microbial Gypsum board. Do not use materials that have visible moisture or biological growth; Specify moisture resistant gypsum board ASTM C1396/C1396M for humid areas that are not exposed to direct moisture.

The criteria listed is not all-inclusive, but it does contain some insights into the magnitude of the challenges associated with designing, constructing and sustaining facilities with moisture, mold, and mildew risks.

Sustainment

CPC plays a significant role in installation facility Sustainment, Restoration and Modernization (SRM) and Operations and Maintenance (O&M) of DoD installations. SRM and O&M are complimentary efforts that leverage good engineering practice and requirements identification to ensure that the CPC program is robust and consistent with ensuring that the installation and its facilities are operationally ready. In order to determine the best course of action, it is essential to determine the cause and rate of corrosion. See Figure 3 for a high-level depiction of the Mold, Mildew Life Cycle for facilities. Mold is both a source of corrosion (material destruction) as well as an indicator of other more serious problems related to humidity and moisture control. The facilities Checklist Tool provides additional assistance to the facility manager to ensure that essential corrosion, HVAC and moisture management issues are inspected, discovered and resolved.

Illustrated chart of mold, mildew life cycle

Figure 3: Mold, Mildew Life Cycle
Source: J. C. Dean, P.E.

There are numerous types of maintenance and repair (M&R) methods for moisture management, which include visual inspections of surfaces (open and enclosed), air balancing, insulation and vapor barrier integrity verification, leak identification and mitigation, patching, crack sealing, surface treatments.

Specific "Mold Prevention Tips" (Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings Guide (EPA 402-K-01-001, 2008) for maintenance management programs include:

  • Fix leaky plumbing and leaks in the building envelope as soon as possible.
  • Watch for condensation and wet spots. Fix source(s) of moisture problem(s) as soon as possible.
  • Prevent moisture due to condensation by increasing surface temperature or reducing the moisture level in air (humidity). To increase surface temperature, insulate or increase air circulation. To reduce the moisture level in air, repair leaks, increase ventilation (if outside air is cold and dry), or dehumidify (if outdoor air is warm and humid).
  • Keep heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) drip pans clean, flowing properly and unobstructed.
  • Vent moisture-generating appliances, such as dryers, to the outside where possible.
  • Maintain low indoor humidity, below 60% relative humidity (RH), ideally 30–50%, if possible.
  • Perform regular building/HVAC inspections and maintenance as scheduled.
  • Clean and dry wet or damp spots within 48 hours.
  • Don't let foundations stay wet. Provide drainage and slope the ground away from the foundation.
  • Repair rainwater leaks through walls. At windows and at roofs as they are frequently the most significant contributors of moisture. Also, houseplants and any source of standing water (such as aquariums and sumps) can contribute significant moisture to the air.

When designing and repairing facilities there are a few areas of possible mold contamination to be aware of (See Figure 3):

  • Back side of drywall
  • Backside of wallpaper
  • Back side of paneling
  • Top of ceiling tiles
  • Underside of rugs/utility tunnels
  • Equipment drain pan
  • Behind office furniture
  • Cellulose insulation
  • Concrete or conder blocks
  • Fiberglass insulation
  • Hard surface, porous flooring (linoleum, ceramic tile, vinyl)
  • Non-porous, hard surfaces (plastics and metals)
  • Wallboard (drywall and gypsum)
  • Wood surfaces
  • Wood paneling
  • Ensure that HVAC system is clear of mod growth including return air plenums
  • Resins and adhesives
  • Glue such as wallpaper paste
  • Oily surfaces
  • Basement walls
  • Areas around windows where moisture condenses
  • Near leaky water fountains or sinks

Note that fungal hyphae can become entwined in the matrix of porous material (books, gypsum wallboard, fabric coated furniture) increasing the requirement to remove and dispose (see Mold Remediation Guidelines); nonporous metals and plastics tend to have the mold on the surface, making cleaning more appropriate without disposal. If these areas have minimal or non-existent airflow and in the presence of moisture, mold growth will often occur. The Builder SMS and associated checklists should include these areas to ensure that inspections and associated work/mitigation requirements are tracked and addressed.

Keeping an accurate asset database and an associated condition summary facilitates timely M&R actions and will identify at risk areas for mold and mildew and queued up for timely repairs or replacement. Note that removal of mold and mildew requires specific mitigation steps which are described in UFGS 02 85 00 Mold Remediation.

See Figures 4 and 5 for sustainment program flowcharts and considerations. Staying ahead of moisture and humidity management and mold and mildew risks are important aspects of a sustainment program.

The use of BUILDER™ Sustainment Management System (SMS) provides for the creation of a database, assessment and maintenance management of facilities assets.

Flow Chart, PC Facilities Life Cycle (Design Service Life)

Figure 4: CPC Facilities Life Cycle (Design Service Life)
Source: Steve Geusic, P.E.

Figure 5 illustrates the Sustainment process and the associated workflow. Identifying and tracking building system deficiencies through this process will ensure that the necessary work will be scheduled and accomplished in a timely process. In that mold and mildew is a visible result of other more direct design and maintenance management issues, addressing the causes before they appear is the best prevention approach. That means that the Sustainment Maintenance Management Process (SMMP) must ensure that HVAC and humidity/moisture is managed within appropriate parameters, that possible locations of air barrier and water leaks are checked and repaired, and that preventive maintenance checks and repairs are accomplished in a timely fashion. From the design standpoint, the architect engineer must design a facility that has a good chance of preventing mold and mildew through well balanced HVAC, watertight roofing, and openings (doors and windows) that are consistent with the environment. Of course, the design must be accomplished based upon the UFC 1-200-01 ESC designation for that location which will ensure that materials and processes are selected that will reduce the risk of the appearance of mold and mildew. The occurrence of severe weather such as tornadoes, hurricanes and heavy rainfall will increase the risk of mold and mildew in the facility which creates the imperative for having a well-designed and maintained facility.

Flow Chart, Sustainment Maintenance Management Process

Figure 5: Sustainment Maintenance Management Process
Source: Steve Geusic, P.E.

For more insights into CPC sustainment management see the CPC in Operations and Maintenance (O&M), and, Sustainment, Restoration, and Modernization (SRM) resource page. Additional information is provided on SMS, Builder™, and CPC data collection.

Mold Response and Remediation

The following information is provided to assist facilities personnel to assess and address water damage, indoor air quality issues and mold response and remediation, but is not a substitute for regulatory requirements.

Mold assessment, investigation, and remediation usually result from conditions associated with the following:

  • Catastrophic Event—Water damage from a catastrophic event such as hurricane, storm, flood, or internal building system rupture or discharge. Stop initial water infiltration and begin clean-up immediately. An immediate response (within 24 to 48 hours) and thorough clean up, drying, and/or removal of water damaged materials will prevent or limit mold growth. If clean up and dry-out is delayed, mold growth may occur and will require additional assessment and investigation.

  • Chronic Moisture Intrusion—Chronic moisture intrusion and high humidity levels (greater than 60%) can lead to mold growth both visible and hidden. These conditions can result from many causes:
    • Inadequate ventilation
    • Damage to building elements and systems
    • Defective design of building envelope and systems
    • Inadequate commissioning, testing, and balancing of the HVAC system
    • Inadequate maintenance and repair of the building elements and equipment
    • Improper or unplanned use of ventilation system and operable windows

    In addition, complaints about indoor air quality may be caused by conditions other than moisture intrusion as follows:

    • Unacceptable Humidity Ranges. Low humidity may lead to dryness and irritation of the nose, throat, skin and eyes. High humidity aids in the growth of certain molds.

    • Insufficient Ventilation. Lack of sufficient fresh air leads to high carbon dioxide concentrations in workspaces. Lack of fresh air may cause fatigue, drowsiness, poor concentration and the sensation of temperature extremes without actual temperature changes. Increased CO2 levels are an indicator of poor ventilation.

    • Off-gas Chemicals. Many modern office furnishings and equipment emit chemicals. Adhesives, carpeting, upholstery, manufactured wood products, copy machines, pesticides and cleaning agents are examples of items that emit gas.

    • Biological Contamination. Biological contaminants such as bacteria, molds, pollen and viruses may be present in stagnant water, air ducts, humidifiers and drain pans. Water damaged material and insect and bird droppings contribute to biological contamination. Biological contaminants can trigger allergic reactions and some types of asthma and can cause some common infectious diseases.

    • Combustion Products. Combustion products, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides can be released by vehicle exhaust, improperly burning furnaces, appliances and environmental tobacco smoke.

Figure 6 identifies the process for evaluation and remediation associated with water damage, air quality issues, visible mold, and suspected mold.

charts showing the process for evaluation and remediation associated with water damage, air quality issues, visible mold, and suspected mold

Figure 6: Evaluation and Remediation Process
Source: Steve Geusic, P.E.

Inspection and Assessment—Conduct an initial non-destructive visual evaluation to determine the general severity and magnitude of the situation. Initial evaluation should be conducted by trained public works personnel, occupational safety and health staff, or facility engineers. Conduct interviews, if appropriate, with employees and building or facility managers. Once information is gathered from affected employees, a complete inspection and assessment of the suspect area must be made. A more detailed evaluation including removal of building finishes and components may be necessary if hidden mold or leaks are suspected. A Facility Assessment Checklist and a Microbial Assessment Form  is helpful and provides critical documentation. See also the Corrosion Checklists Tool.

  • Use safeguards defined in Unified Facilities Guide Specification (UFGS) Section 02 85 00 for inspections that require demolition, destructive testing, cleaning, or disturbing of surfaces.
  • Wear personal protective equipment per Table 3

Sampling

  • Bulk or surface sampling is not required or recommended prior to remediation activities. Generally, it is not necessary to identify the species of mold growing in a particular area and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend routine sampling for mold. Sampling may be necessary if an individual(s) has been diagnosed with a disease that is or may be associated with mold exposure (e.g., aspergillosis) and the occupational health physician or medical practitioner desires to confirm the causative agent. Sampling for this purpose should only be conducted under the technical direction and guidance of the servicing Industrial Hygienist.

  • Pre- and post-remediation air sampling may be necessary if there is evidence from a visual inspection or bulk sampling that the ventilation systems are contaminated. The purpose of such sampling is to assess the extent of contamination throughout a building and to confirm adequate remediation. When air sampling is performed, collect outdoor air samples at the same time at the fresh air intake, which serves the suspected area. Compare the values obtained.

Water Damage Response—Response guidelines for water damage are shown in Table 1. Use these guidelines in conjunction with the process identified in Figure 6, and Level 1 through Level 4 response actions identified in Table 3

Table 1 Response Guidelines for Water Damage

Water Damaged Material Response Action
Books and Paper Discard non valuable items
Photocopy valuable items and discard originals
Carpet and Backing—
dry within 24–48 hours
Remove water with water extraction vacuum
Reduce humidity levels with dehumidifier
Accelerate drying process with fans
For hurricane-damaged, storm-damaged, or flood damaged-facilities, discard and replace.
Ceiling Tiles Discard and replace
Cellulose insulation Discard and replace
Concrete and CMU Remove water with water extraction vacuum
Accelerate drying process with dehumidifiers, fans and/or heaters
Fiberglass insulation Discard and replace
Hard surface, porous flooring (linoleum, ceramic tile, vinyl) HEPA vacuum or damp wipe with water and mild detergent and allow to dry; scrub if necessary.
Check to make sure under flooring is dry, and dry if necessary.
Non-porous, hard surfaces (plastics, metals) HEPA vacuum and damp wipe with water and mild detergent and allow to dry; scrub if necessary
Upholstered Furniture —Remove water with water extraction vacuum
—Accelerate drying process with dehumidifiers, fans and/or heaters
—If valuable and unable to dry within 48 hours restoration/water damage professional should be consulted.
—For hurricane-damaged, storm-damaged, or flood damaged-facilities, discard and replace.
Wallboard (Drywall and gypsum board) —Dry in place if there is not obvious swelling and seams are intact. If not, remove, discard and replace.
—Ventilate wall cavity.
—For hurricane-damaged, storm-damaged, or flood damaged- facilities, remove in 4–foot increments from floor level until dry wallboard with no moisture penetration is reached.
Window drapes —Follow laundering or cleaning instructions recommended by the manufacturer.
—For hurricane-damaged, storm-damaged, or flood damaged- facilities, discard and replace.
Wood surfaces —Remove moisture immediately and use dehumidifiers, gentle heat, and fans for drying. (Use caution when applying heat to hardwood floors).
—Treated or finished wood surfaces may be cleaned with a mild detergent and clean water and allowed to dry.
Wood Paneling —Remove moisture immediately and use dehumidifiers, gentle heat, and fans for drying.
—Wet paneling should be pried away from the wall for drying.

Mold Response—As adapted by the New York City Department of Health, Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor Environments and EPA Guidelines, response actions may be broken down into separate and distinct categories as shown below:

Level 1 Small Isolated Areas   10 sq. feet or less

Level 2 Mid-Size Isolated Areas   10–100 sq. feet

Level 3 Extensive Contamination  Greater than 100 contiguous sq. ft. in an area

Level 4 Contaminated HVAC

Response guidelines for mold remediation are shown in Table 2 Mold Response Actions. Use these actions in conjunction with the process identified in Figure 6 and the required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Table 3.

Table 2 Mold Response Guidelines

Level 1
(10 ft2 or less)
Small, isolated areas (i.e., Ceiling tiles, small areas on walls, etc.)
Regular building maintenance staff can conduct remediation. Provide training to maintenance staff on proper clean-up methods, personal protective equipment requirements and potential health hazards. Training can be performed as part of the program to comply with the requirements of IICRC S520, Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold Remediation. This training should be under the technical direction of the servicing Industrial Hygienists and/or Occupational Safety and Health Staff. For additional information see the Training Section of this document.
Personnel conducting remediation are required to wear the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for the specific level response action. See Chapter 2 for specific requirements.
The work area should be unoccupied. Vacating people from spaces adjacent to the work area is not necessary but is recommended for:
  • Infants (less than 12 months old)
  • Persons recovering from recent surgery, immune suppressed people, or people with chronic inflammatory lung disease (severe allergies, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
Perform work operations, to the extent feasible, after normal occupancy hours.
Containment of the area is not necessary.
Use dust suppression methods, such as High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) vacuuming area to minimize disturbance of spores and/or misting (not soaking) of surfaces prior to remediation.
Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned shall be placed in a heavy-duty plastic bag or other suitable impermeable container for disposal in an approved sanitary landfill.
Work area utilized by remediation workers should be cleaned with a damp cloth and/or mop with a detergent solution.
All areas should be left dry and visibly free from contamination and debris.
 
Level 2
(10–100 Sq. Ft)
Mid-Sized Isolated Areas (i.e., individual wallboard panels)
Only trained/certified personnel in mold remediation may perform Level 2–4 remediation activities. Asbestos or lead abatement personnel may perform Level 2–4 remediation activities as the removal/clean up methods for mold mirror that of lead and asbestos. Provide additional training on proper clean up methods, personal protective equipment requirements and potential health hazards. Training can be performed as part of the program to comply with the requirements of IICRC S520, Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold Remediation. This training should be under the technical direction of the servicing Industrial Hygienists and/or Occupational Safety and Health Staff. For additional information see the Training Section of this document.
Personnel conducting remediation will be required to wear the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for the specific level response action. See Chapter 2 for specific requirements.
The work area should be unoccupied. Vacating people from spaces adjacent to the work area is not necessary but is recommended for:
  • Infants (less than 12 months old)
  • Persons recovering from recent surgery, immune suppressed people, or people with chronic inflammatory lung disease (severe allergies, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
Perform work operations, to the extent feasible, after normal occupancy hours.
Remediation should be accomplished in a mini-enclosure or with larger areas, full enclosure. The work area should be covered with a 6 mil. Polyethylene sheeting from floor to ceiling around the affected area, sealed with tape, with a slit entry and covering flap, before remediation, to contain dust/debris. Area should be maintained under negative pressure using a HEPA filtered fan. Supply and return air vents inside the mini enclosure should also be sealed.
Use dust suppression methods, such as High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) vacuuming area to minimize disturbance of spores and/or misting (not soaking) of surfaces prior to remediation.
Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned shall be placed in a heavy-duty plastic bag or other suitable impermeable container for disposal in an approved sanitary landfill.
The work area and areas used by remediation workers for egress should be HEPA vacuumed and cleaned with a damp cloth and/or mop with a detergent solution.
All areas should be left dry and visibly free from contamination and debris.
 
Level 3
(> 100 Sq. Ft)
Large Isolated Areas (i.e., several wallboard panels)
Only trained/certified personnel in mold remediation may perform Level 2–4 remediation activities. Asbestos or lead abatement personnel may perform Level 2—4 remediation activities as the removal/clean up methods for mold mirror that of lead and asbestos. Provide additional training on proper clean up methods, personal protective equipment requirements and potential health hazards. Training can be performed as part of the program to comply with the requirements of IICRC S520, Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold Remediation. This training should be under the technical direction of the servicing Industrial Hygienists and/or Occupational Safety and Health Staff. For additional information see the Training Section of this document.
Personnel conducting remediation will be required to wear the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for the specific level response action. See Chapter 2 for specific requirements.
The work area should be unoccupied. Vacating people from spaces adjacent to the work area is not necessary but is recommended for:
  • Infants (less than 12 months old)
  • Persons recovering from recent surgery, immune suppressed people, or people with chronic inflammatory lung disease (severe allergies, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
Perform work operations, to the extent feasible, after normal occupancy hours.
Prior to work operations the contaminated area must be completely isolated from occupied spaces using plastic sheeting sealed with duct tape. Ventilation ducts/grills, fixtures and any other openings shall also be sealed. For specific information regarding the construction of this area, see the Containment section of this document. HVAC systems shall be secured.
Prior to work beginning, negative pressure shall be established in the work area. See the Establishing Negative Pressure section of this document for additional information.
Perform work operations, to the extent feasible, during the second or third shifts or on weekends and holidays.
Use dust suppression methods, such as High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) vacuuming area to minimize disturbance of spores and/or misting (not soaking) of surfaces prior to remediation.
Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned shall be placed in a heavy-duty plastic bag or other suitable impermeable container for disposal in an approved sanitary landfill. The outside of the bags should be cleaned with a damp cloth and detergent solution or HEPA vacuumed in the decontamination chamber prior to their transport to the uncontaminated areas of the building. There are no special requirements for the disposal of moldy materials.
The contained work area and areas used by remediation workers for egress should be HEPA vacuumed and cleaned with a damp cloth and/or mop with a detergent solution.
All areas should be left dry and visibly free from contamination and debris prior to removal of the isolation barriers.
 
Level 4
HVAC Systems
Only trained/certified personnel in mold remediation may perform this level of remediation. Asbestos or lead abatement personnel may perform this level of remediation as the removal/clean up methods for mold mirror that of lead and asbestos. Additional training shall be provided to these workers on proper clean up methods, personal protective equipment requirements and potential health hazards. Training can be performed as part of the program to comply with the requirements of IICRC S520, Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold Remediation. This training should be under the technical direction of the servicing Industrial Hygienists and/or Occupational Safety and Health Staff. For additional information see the Training Section of this document.
Personnel conducting remediation will be required to wear the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for the specific level response action. See Chapter 2 for specific requirements.
The HVAC system should be shut down prior to any remediation activities.
For small, isolated areas of contamination, follow the Level 2 response actions and personal protective equipment identified herein.
For large areas of contamination (greater than 100–sq. ft.), follow the Level 3 response actions and personal protective equipment identified herein.
Inspection should include possible contamination of the fiber duct and/or fiber duct wrap. Should contamination spread to these areas, consideration should be given to the total replacement of the duct and duct wrap.

Personal Protective Equipment—Required personal protective equipment is identified for each level of remediation in Table 3. Activities must fit test, issue and train personnel to wear respirators and ensure personnel are medically qualified to wear a respirator.

Table 3 Required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Level of Remediation PPE Requirement
Level 1 *
Level 2

Half Mask, Negative Pressure Respirator with High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters (P-100)
* (A Half Mask is highly recommended for Level 1 remediation but is not mandatory unless the space is confined. If a half mask is not used, then N95 mask should be used instead).

Whole Body Disposable Non-Breathable Coveralls with Head Covering and Foot Covering (Tyvek or comparable) taped at wrists and ankles

Impermeable Gloves

Goggles/Eye Protection

Level 3
Level 4**

Full Face, Negative Pressure Respirator with High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters (P-100)

Whole Body Disposable Non-Breathable Coveralls with Head Covering and Foot Covering (Tyvek or comparable) taped at wrists and ankles

Impermeable Gloves

**(If greater than 100 sq. ft. of contamination. Small-scale Level 4 operations Half Mask Negative Pressure Respirators may be used.)

Biocides and Disinfectants—The use of a biocide, such as chlorine bleach, is not recommended during mold remediation. Mold remediation removes the mold to prevent human exposure and damage to building materials and furnishings. It is necessary to clean up mold contamination, not just to kill it. Dead mold is still allergenic, and some dead molds are potentially toxic. In most cases, it is not possible or desirable to sterilize an area; a background level of mold spores will remain in the air (roughly equivalent to or lower than the level in outside air). These spores will not grow if the moisture problem has been resolved.

Containment—During remediation, containment limits the release of mold into the air and surroundings, ensures mold is not spread beyond the contaminated area and minimizes exposure to workers and building occupants. Determine the containment area size by the extent of the mold contamination, ease of clean up and potential for mold distribution. As a general rule, limited containments are recommended for areas involving between 1 m2 to 9 m2 (10 ft2 and 100 ft2) of mold contamination. Full containments are recommended for surfaces with greater than 9 m2 (100 ft2) of contamination or in situations where it appears that the space would be further contaminated without full containment.

Establishing Negative Pressure—Typically air is to be drawn into the enclosure under all anticipated conditions and exhausted through a HEPA filter for the duration of the project. This can be accomplished through the use of HEPA filtered fans exhausted to the outside of the building. For small, easily contained areas, this can be accomplished using a fan or HEPA vacuum. Check airflow patterns before removal operations begin and any time there is a question regarding the integrity of the enclosure.

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems—Heavy mold growth on ceiling tiles may impact HVAC systems if the space above the ceiling is used as a return air plenum. In this situation, construct the containment from the floor to the ceiling deck and replace the filters in the air-handling units servicing the area once remediation is finished. Prior to work beginning, secure HVAC systems servicing the contaminated area; lock and tag-out in accordance with the required Energy Control (Lockout/Tagout) Program. Coordinate technical assistance in identifying remediation procedures for contaminated HVAC systems with the local Industrial Hygienist and/or Safety and Health professional and mechanical engineers.

Summary

These factors must be considered and addressed to ensure that mold damage is evaluated and mitigated such that the facility will meet life cycle requirements:

  • Designing for and managing components based upon area weather and ESC
  • Identifying mold and mildew risk factors to include areas of greatest concern
  • Selection and application of mold and mildew resistant materials and coatings to reduce corrosion risks
  • Building construction practices that will either impair or improve building envelop moisture management performance
  • Ensuring that materials and building components are protected from moisture during construction prior to enclosing the envelope
  • Constructing a sustainment program that includes inspection and sustainment of building envelop components such as roofs, walls, windows, doors, HVAC performance, penetration assessments (pitch pockets, etc.), seals, drainage structures, surface inspections, and areas that are not readily visible
  • Conducting timely repairs and cleaning and interior inspections and testing for moisture intrusion and mold growth
  • Leveraging the SMS system with a focus on mold discovery and management to extend the facility life cycle

A properly functioning building envelop is essential to good CPC and a corrosion resistance. If kept intact and maintained, then each element will serve to prevent corrosion and protect the building such that it can safely meet mission, individual health standards, and operational objectives.

Additional Resources

Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC)

Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (UFGS)

Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Resources

Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Tools

Training

DoD Installations Organizations

Federal Facility Criteria: 
Topics: