Child Development Centers

by WBDG Subcommittee

Last updated: 01-22-2008

Overview

While their parents work, seven out of ten American children under the age of six participate in some form of care outside the home. Because many of them spend up to 12,500 hours in a child development center—most of their waking hours—the facility must be designed to provide safe, nurturing, and stimulating environments essential for the healthy development of our children.

WBDG accepts the majority view that all child development centers should stress quality care, and child growth and development. To this end, all child development centers are encouraged to provide well-illuminated, active and passive activity areas that accommodate a range of play and organized learning as well as serve the needs of adult staff and parents, and facilitate staff-child relationship building.

There are nationally recognized accreditation agencies, such as the Nation's Network of Child Care Resource & Referral (NACCRRA) and the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), that identify requirements for quality child development programs and facility conditions, including safety, sanitation, natural daylight, and classroom size.

Building Attributes

While child development centers can take many forms—they can be stand-alone or part of some larger structure; they can be urban or rural; they can be large or small.

A. Types of Spaces

Child Development Centers will contain a variety of space types depending on the hours they are used, the age of the children attending, the number of children attending, and the setting for the center. Fundamental space types may include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Child-friendly classrooms
• Meeting or community space for children and adults
• Child-friendly and adult restrooms
• Outdoor and indoor play areas
• Office space for staff
• Meeting space for adults
• Clinic
• Food service space
• Storage space
• See also WBDG Child Care Space Type

All child development centers should seek to:

B. Be Homelike

Like a home, a quality child development center is a place where children can:

• Relax and be themselves
• Have ample natural light in all spaces were children will spend time, especially the classrooms
• Have a sense of arrival and welcome upon entering the center for both children and parents
• Use indirect lighting as main ambient lighting to avoid a "commercial" flavor
• Feel and be safe and secure
• Find different places for different kinds of learning
• Work and play using different furnishings and varied lighting
• Avoid institutional, unnatural finishes and textures. Use natural finishes to the extent possible, emphasizing a "hand-made" appearance
• Have no sharp edges: ½" bull-nose on all exterior corners at child-level gypsum and trim typical. Integral bull nose corner beads are recommended.
• Provide Comfortable Environments

C. Be Child-Sized

Preferably, facilities designed for children should have:

• Child-sized furniture appropriate to the specific age group served
• Ceiling heights should be varied, low enough for intimacy, and high enough to avoid a monotonous spatial experience
• Windows at children's level
• Doors, sinks, toilets, and water fountains that are "child friendly" and mounted at appropriate heights
• Functional / Operational

D. Encourage Autonomy

Child development centers should be designed to allow children to:

• Independently address bodily needs such as hunger, thirst, using the toilet, and sleep
• Set their own pace
• Choose activities and toys
• Choose their own friends and companions - or be alone
• Be active or still
• Create three-dimensional projects that are protected from destruction by everyday traffic through classroom space
• Promote Health and Well-Being

E. Invite Self-Expression

Such facilities are characterized by:

• Restraint in color and furnishings (e.g., neutral tones for backgrounds and ceilings, with warm colors for accents)
• Space for children's art, located at the children's eye level together with a well-thought out and safe way of hanging art and displaying three-dimensional projects
• Space for objects that children bring to share or that have special meaning
• Changing displays more than permanent graphics

F. Provide Space, Indoor and Outdoor Physical Activities

Child development centers should have playground and multi-purpose play space for inclement weather. These areas should allow:

• Running
• Playing ball
• Climbing, swinging, sliding, and balancing
• Storage of play items such as tricycles
• Access to nearby toilets
• Controlled access for maintenance

G. Have Outdoor and Indoor Spaces for Nature

When possible, they should contain places to:

• Dig in dirt or sand
• Play with water
• Grow seeds, flowers, and vegetables
• Investigate animal life
• Collect rocks, leaves, or other specimens
• Contain a variety and scale of natural elements such as trees, flowers, and shrubs
• Have quiet time, away from the "crowd" while still being able to be supervised
• Places for large motor activities such as climbing and riding wheeled toys
• Storage shed(s) for storage of outdoor equipment
• Have a (typically) 6'-0" fence completely surrounding the play area

H. Be Structured, Yet Flexible

This means that different spaces in a facility:

• Can be recognized by children
• Are for quiet and active play
• Can be rearranged by children for their own activities
• Contain adequate storage facilities to avoid a chaotic impression
• Plan for Flexibility

I. Include Appropriate Space for Parents and Teachers

This includes places to:

• Think and plan
• Meet and communicate
• Host visitors
• Store equipment
• Keep record
• Come together and celebrate as a community

J. Be Safe, Secure, and Healthy

This includes provisions and strategies to ensure that:

• Children are not abused by adults in the center
• People/personnel do not have uncontrolled access
• There are adequate washing facilities
• Finishes are easily cleaned
• Attention is paid to good indoor air quality as well as to the use of daylighting, non-toxic building materials and improved maintenance practices
• Equipment, furnishings, and finishes do not contain asbestos or lead
• Ensure Occupant Safety and Health

Relevant Codes and Standards

As the number of child development centers increases, more and more agencies, states, and municipalities are requiring that child development centers within their jurisdictions meet minimum facility and operating standards. However, in most states the facilities requirements are limited to relatively few and minimal health and safety issues such as the adequacy of bathrooms, egress, and lighting. The most comprehensive facilities standards available at present, sometimes cited in state and municipal codes, are those promulgated by federal agencies. Among the organizations that have led the way toward the definition of comprehensive child development centers criteria are the U.S. General Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, and the Department of Defense.

Organizations

• National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities (NCEF)—Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education and managed by the National Institute of Building Sciences, NCEF is the world's largest repository of information about Pre-K to 12 school planning, designing, funding, building, improvement, and maintenance.

Executive Order

Executive Order 13423, "Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management", mandates buying products that reduce environmental impact. The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines (CPG) lists designated products that federal agencies are required to purchase. Two specific product categories apply to the development of play yards: Park and Recreation Equipment and Playground Surfacing.

Federal Government

• U.S. Access Board—Provides information on site accessibility as well as building access to and within the center.
• A Guide to the ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Play Areas
• ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Building Elements Designed for Children's Use
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
• National Health & Safety Performance Standards, Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards: Guidelines for Out-of-Home Child Care, 2nd Edition
• Head Start Center Design Guide
• U.S. General Services Administration
• PBS-140 Child Care Center Design Guide
• Facility Management Child Care Resource Book, 18 January 2001.
• Department of Veteran Affairs
• VA VHA Childcare Development Center

Department of Defense

• UFC 3-210-04 Children's Outdoor Play Area
• UFC 4-740-14 Design: Child Development Centers
• UFGS 11 68 13 Playground Equipment
• UFGS 32 18 16.13 Playground Protective Surfacing
• Department of the Army
• TI 800-01 Appendix G—Design Criteria, 20 July 1998.
• TM 5-663 Child Development Center Play Area Inspection and Maintenance Program
• Department of the Army Child Development Center (CDC) Standard Design Guide

Private Sector

• ASTM F-355, Shock Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials
• Consumer Product Safety Commission
• Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth to Age Eight
• Handbook for Public Playground Safety
• National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC)

Major Resources

WBDG

Building / Space Types

Youth Centers, Educational Facilities, Child Care, Clinic / Health Unit, Conference / Classroom, Office

Design Objectives

Functional / Operational, Productive, Secure / Safe, Sustainable

Project Management

Building Commissioning

Federal Agencies and Organizations

• GSA Child Office of Child Care—The primary mission of GSA's Child Care Operations Center of Expertise is to ensure that federal families receive high quality care for their young children in child care centers located in GSA managed space.
• National Association for the Education of Young Children—An advocacy organization for preschool care and education
• National Child Care Association—A trade association for private, for-profit child-care facility operators
• National Child Care Information Center—A publicly funded resource that links infomation and people to ensure that all children and families have access to high-quality comprehensive child care services
• National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities (NCEF)
• Nation's Network of Child Care Resource & Referral (NACCRRA)

Publications

• Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards—Guidelines for Out-of-Home Child Care Programs by American Public Health Association and American Academy of Pediatrics. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, and Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
• Child Care Design Guide by Anita Rui Olds. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
• Determining Overall Space Needs in Campus Child Care Centers by Gary T. Moore. Campus Child Care News, Vol. 11, No. 1, January 1996.
• Head Start Facilities Manual by Raymond C. Collins. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1993.
• Infant/Toddler Rating Scale by Thelma Harms and Richard M. Clifford. New York and London: Teachers College Press, 1990. (reference most recent addition)
• Places of the Soul: Architecture and Environmental Design as a Healing Art by Christopher Day. San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1990.
• Play and Playscapes by Joe Frost. Albany, New York: Delmar Publications, Inc., 1992.
• Recommendations for Child Care Centers (rev. ed.) by G.T. Moore, C.G. Lane, A.B. Hill, U. Cohen, and T. McGinty. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Center for Architecture and Urban Planning Research, 1989.

Training

• High Performance School Design—Online Training, sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority

Points of Contact

• Dennis Talton: U.S. Department of the Navy, NAVFAC Criteria Office. Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Attn: Engineering Innovation and Criteria Office/Dennis Talton, 1510 Gilbert Street, Norfolk, VA 23511-2699. Phone: (757) 322-4211, Fax: (757) 322-4416
• Kevin Kelly, AIA: U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) Child Care Operations Center of Expertise. 1800 F Street, NW, Washington, DC 20405. Phone: (202) 208-7656